PII: S0304-8853(98)00266-2
Exchange bias J. Noguésa and Ivan K. Schullerb, * a Grup d'Electromagnetisme, Department de Física, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spainb Physics Department 0319, University of California ¯ San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0319, USA Received 5 March 1998; revised 7 July 1998. Available online 18 March 1999.
J. Noguésa and Ivan K. Schullerb, *
We review the phenomenology of exchange bias and related effects, with emphasis on layered antiferromagnetic (AFM)¯ferromagnetic (FM) structures. A compilation of materials exhibiting exchange bias and some of the techniques used to study them is given. Some of the applications of exchange bias are discussed. The leading theoretical models are summarized. Finally some of the factors controlling exchange bias as well as some of the unsolved issues associated with exchange bias are discussed.
Author Keywords: Exchange bias; Interfaces; Ferromagnetism; Antiferromagnetism
Index Terms: Magnetic materials; Ferromagnetism; Antiferromagnetism; Magnetic anisotropy; Mathematical models; Interfaces (materials); Exchange bias
*Corresponding author. Tel.: +1 619 5342450; fax: +1 619 5340173; e-mail: ischuller@ucsd.edu.
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