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doi:10.1016/S0304-8853(01)00421-8
<http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0304-8853(01)00421-8>    How to Cite or Link
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Copyright © 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.


        Topical review


    Exchange bias theory

Miguel KiwiCorresponding Author Contact Information <#m4.cor*>, E-mail
The Corresponding Author <mailto:mkiwi@puc.cl>

Facultad de Física, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Casilla
306, Santiago de Chile 6904411, Chile

Received 8 March 2001; revised 1 June 2001. Available online 19
September 2001.


    Abstract

Research on the exchange bias (EB) phenomenon has witnessed a flurry of
activity during recent years, which stems from its use in magnetic
sensors and as stabilizers in magnetic reading heads. EB was discovered
in 1956 but it attracted only limited attention until these
applications, closely related to giant magnetoresistance, were developed
during the last decade. In this review, I initially give a short
introduction, listing the most salient experimental results and what is
required from an EB theory. Next, I indicate some of the obstacles in
the road towards a satisfactory understanding of the phenomenon. The
main body of the text reviews and critically discusses the activity that
has flourished, mainly during the last 5 years, in the theoretical
front. Finally, an evaluation of the progress made, and a critical
assessment as to where we stand nowadays along the road to a
satisfactory theory, is presented.

Author Keywords: Exchange bias; Magnetic multilayers; Interfaces;
Nanostructures; Magnetic devices

PACS classification codes: 75.70.i; 75.60.Ej; 75.70.Cn; 75.60.Ch; 75.30.Gw


    Article Outline

1. Introduction
<http://193.225.13.151/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6TJJ-4417P2D-11&_user=875668&_handle=V-WA-A-W-BA-MsSAYVW-UUW-U-AAAWDYUDVE-AAAUBZACVE-EZVYVCWDV-BA-U&_fmt=full&_coverDate=09%2F30%2F2001&_rdoc=29&_orig=browse&_srch=%23toc%235312%232001%23997659996%23264979!&_cdi=5312&_artOutline=Y&view=c&_acct=C000046981&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=875668&md5=fa4b6ea88687f1fddcbb75c263840770#sec1>
2. Interface structure: a hard nut to crack
<http://193.225.13.151/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6TJJ-4417P2D-11&_user=875668&_handle=V-WA-A-W-BA-MsSAYVW-UUW-U-AAAWDYUDVE-AAAUBZACVE-EZVYVCWDV-BA-U&_fmt=full&_coverDate=09%2F30%2F2001&_rdoc=29&_orig=browse&_srch=%23toc%235312%232001%23997659996%23264979!&_cdi=5312&_artOutline=Y&view=c&_acct=C000046981&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=875668&md5=fa4b6ea88687f1fddcbb75c263840770#sec2>
3. Theoretical models
<http://193.225.13.151/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6TJJ-4417P2D-11&_user=875668&_handle=V-WA-A-W-BA-MsSAYVW-UUW-U-AAAWDYUDVE-AAAUBZACVE-EZVYVCWDV-BA-U&_fmt=full&_coverDate=09%2F30%2F2001&_rdoc=29&_orig=browse&_srch=%23toc%235312%232001%23997659996%23264979!&_cdi=5312&_artOutline=Y&view=c&_acct=C000046981&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=875668&md5=fa4b6ea88687f1fddcbb75c263840770#sec3>

3.1. Early work
<http://193.225.13.151/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6TJJ-4417P2D-11&_user=875668&_handle=V-WA-A-W-BA-MsSAYVW-UUW-U-AAAWDYUDVE-AAAUBZACVE-EZVYVCWDV-BA-U&_fmt=full&_coverDate=09%2F30%2F2001&_rdoc=29&_orig=browse&_srch=%23toc%235312%232001%23997659996%23264979!&_cdi=5312&_artOutline=Y&view=c&_acct=C000046981&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=875668&md5=fa4b6ea88687f1fddcbb75c263840770#sec3.1>
3.2. The ground breaking contribution of Néel
<http://193.225.13.151/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6TJJ-4417P2D-11&_user=875668&_handle=V-WA-A-W-BA-MsSAYVW-UUW-U-AAAWDYUDVE-AAAUBZACVE-EZVYVCWDV-BA-U&_fmt=full&_coverDate=09%2F30%2F2001&_rdoc=29&_orig=browse&_srch=%23toc%235312%232001%23997659996%23264979!&_cdi=5312&_artOutline=Y&view=c&_acct=C000046981&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=875668&md5=fa4b6ea88687f1fddcbb75c263840770#sec3.2>
3.3. Early random interface model
<http://193.225.13.151/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6TJJ-4417P2D-11&_user=875668&_handle=V-WA-A-W-BA-MsSAYVW-UUW-U-AAAWDYUDVE-AAAUBZACVE-EZVYVCWDV-BA-U&_fmt=full&_coverDate=09%2F30%2F2001&_rdoc=29&_orig=browse&_srch=%23toc%235312%232001%23997659996%23264979!&_cdi=5312&_artOutline=Y&view=c&_acct=C000046981&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=875668&md5=fa4b6ea88687f1fddcbb75c263840770#sec3.3>
3.4. AF domain wall models
<http://193.225.13.151/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6TJJ-4417P2D-11&_user=875668&_handle=V-WA-A-W-BA-MsSAYVW-UUW-U-AAAWDYUDVE-AAAUBZACVE-EZVYVCWDV-BA-U&_fmt=full&_coverDate=09%2F30%2F2001&_rdoc=29&_orig=browse&_srch=%23toc%235312%232001%23997659996%23264979!&_cdi=5312&_artOutline=Y&view=c&_acct=C000046981&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=875668&md5=fa4b6ea88687f1fddcbb75c263840770#sec3.4>
3.5. Orthogonal F and AF magnetic lattices
<http://193.225.13.151/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6TJJ-4417P2D-11&_user=875668&_handle=V-WA-A-W-BA-MsSAYVW-UUW-U-AAAWDYUDVE-AAAUBZACVE-EZVYVCWDV-BA-U&_fmt=full&_coverDate=09%2F30%2F2001&_rdoc=29&_orig=browse&_srch=%23toc%235312%232001%23997659996%23264979!&_cdi=5312&_artOutline=Y&view=c&_acct=C000046981&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=875668&md5=fa4b6ea88687f1fddcbb75c263840770#sec3.5>
3.6. Random interface field models
<http://193.225.13.151/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6TJJ-4417P2D-11&_user=875668&_handle=V-WA-A-W-BA-MsSAYVW-UUW-U-AAAWDYUDVE-AAAUBZACVE-EZVYVCWDV-BA-U&_fmt=full&_coverDate=09%2F30%2F2001&_rdoc=29&_orig=browse&_srch=%23toc%235312%232001%23997659996%23264979!&_cdi=5312&_artOutline=Y&view=c&_acct=C000046981&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=875668&md5=fa4b6ea88687f1fddcbb75c263840770#sec3.6>
3.7. The frozen interface model
<http://193.225.13.151/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6TJJ-4417P2D-11&_user=875668&_handle=V-WA-A-W-BA-MsSAYVW-UUW-U-AAAWDYUDVE-AAAUBZACVE-EZVYVCWDV-BA-U&_fmt=full&_coverDate=09%2F30%2F2001&_rdoc=29&_orig=browse&_srch=%23toc%235312%232001%23997659996%23264979!&_cdi=5312&_artOutline=Y&view=c&_acct=C000046981&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=875668&md5=fa4b6ea88687f1fddcbb75c263840770#sec3.7>
3.8. Local pinning field variation
<http://193.225.13.151/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6TJJ-4417P2D-11&_user=875668&_handle=V-WA-A-W-BA-MsSAYVW-UUW-U-AAAWDYUDVE-AAAUBZACVE-EZVYVCWDV-BA-U&_fmt=full&_coverDate=09%2F30%2F2001&_rdoc=29&_orig=browse&_srch=%23toc%235312%232001%23997659996%23264979!&_cdi=5312&_artOutline=Y&view=c&_acct=C000046981&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=875668&md5=fa4b6ea88687f1fddcbb75c263840770#sec3.8>

4. Summary and discussion
<http://193.225.13.151/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6TJJ-4417P2D-11&_user=875668&_handle=V-WA-A-W-BA-MsSAYVW-UUW-U-AAAWDYUDVE-AAAUBZACVE-EZVYVCWDV-BA-U&_fmt=full&_coverDate=09%2F30%2F2001&_rdoc=29&_orig=browse&_srch=%23toc%235312%232001%23997659996%23264979!&_cdi=5312&_artOutline=Y&view=c&_acct=C000046981&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=875668&md5=fa4b6ea88687f1fddcbb75c263840770#sec4>
Acknowledgements
<http://193.225.13.151/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6TJJ-4417P2D-11&_user=875668&_handle=V-WA-A-W-BA-MsSAYVW-UUW-U-AAAWDYUDVE-AAAUBZACVE-EZVYVCWDV-BA-U&_fmt=full&_coverDate=09%2F30%2F2001&_rdoc=29&_orig=browse&_srch=%23toc%235312%232001%23997659996%23264979!&_cdi=5312&_artOutline=Y&view=c&_acct=C000046981&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=875668&md5=fa4b6ea88687f1fddcbb75c263840770#ack1>
References
<http://193.225.13.151/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6TJJ-4417P2D-11&_user=875668&_handle=V-WA-A-W-BA-MsSAYVW-UUW-U-AAAWDYUDVE-AAAUBZACVE-EZVYVCWDV-BA-U&_fmt=full&_coverDate=09%2F30%2F2001&_rdoc=29&_orig=browse&_srch=%23toc%235312%232001%23997659996%23264979!&_cdi=5312&_artOutline=Y&view=c&_acct=C000046981&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=875668&md5=fa4b6ea88687f1fddcbb75c263840770#bibl1>




Enlarge Image
</science?_ob=MiamiCaptionURL&_method=retrieve&_udi=B6TJJ-4417P2D-11&_image=fig1&_ba=1&_user=875668&_coverDate=09%2F30%2F2001&_handle=V-WA-A-W-BA-MsSAYVW-UUW-U-AAAWDYUDVE-AAAUBZACVE-EZVYVCWDV-BA-U&_rdoc=29&_fmt=summary&_orig=browse&_srch=%23toc%235312%232001%23997659996%23264979!&_cdi=5312&view=c&_acct=C000046981&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=875668&md5=13941912f9248d45cdfabc8f3bbd44b2>
(2K)
Fig. 1. Magnetically collinear interface configuration. (a)
Ferromagnetic coupling across the interface: JF/AF>0; and (b) AF
coupling: JF/AF<0.

Enlarge Image
</science?_ob=MiamiCaptionURL&_method=retrieve&_udi=B6TJJ-4417P2D-11&_image=fig2&_ba=2&_user=875668&_coverDate=09%2F30%2F2001&_handle=V-WA-A-W-BA-MsSAYVW-UUW-U-AAAWDYUDVE-AAAUBZACVE-EZVYVCWDV-BA-U&_rdoc=29&_fmt=summary&_orig=browse&_srch=%23toc%235312%232001%23997659996%23264979!&_cdi=5312&view=c&_acct=C000046981&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=875668&md5=742efb48fb7cf99aa3733f51987e0ec1>
(3K)
Fig. 2. Two examples of possible noncollinear interface configurations.

Enlarge Image
</science?_ob=MiamiCaptionURL&_method=retrieve&_udi=B6TJJ-4417P2D-11&_image=fig3&_ba=3&_user=875668&_coverDate=09%2F30%2F2001&_handle=V-WA-A-W-BA-MsSAYVW-UUW-U-AAAWDYUDVE-AAAUBZACVE-EZVYVCWDV-BA-U&_rdoc=29&_fmt=summary&_orig=browse&_srch=%23toc%235312%232001%23997659996%23264979!&_cdi=5312&view=c&_acct=C000046981&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=875668&md5=f601b012c80344439342e599c5cd76c6>
(2K)
Fig. 3. AF rough interface with frustrated interactions marked by full
dots. The dashed line marks the boundary between the F and the AF.

Enlarge Image
</science?_ob=MiamiCaptionURL&_method=retrieve&_udi=B6TJJ-4417P2D-11&_image=fig4&_ba=4&_user=875668&_coverDate=09%2F30%2F2001&_handle=V-WA-A-W-BA-MsSAYVW-UUW-U-AAAWDYUDVE-AAAUBZACVE-EZVYVCWDV-BA-U&_rdoc=29&_fmt=summary&_orig=browse&_srch=%23toc%235312%232001%23997659996%23264979!&_cdi=5312&view=c&_acct=C000046981&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=875668&md5=3e00bb4d84996916e3d1253b94a311c0>
(7K)
Fig. 4. Illustration of the perpendicular F and AF magnetic interface
configuration, with spin canting in the first AF layer.



Table 1.   Full Size Table


    References

1. W.P. Meiklejohn and C.P. Bean. Phys. Rev. 102 (1956), p. 1413. Full
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